ASTM E2122-2002(2007) 进行笼形双壳类软体动物现场生物鉴定的标准指南

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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingIn-situFieldBioassaysWithCagedBivalves
【原文标准名称】:进行笼形双壳类软体动物现场生物鉴定的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2122-2002(2007)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:生物测定;贻贝;淡水;生物指示剂;水质分析;海水;就地
【英文主题词】:bioaccumulation;bivalves;exposureeffects;fieldbioassay;growth;in-situ
【摘要】:1.1Thisguidedescribesproceduresforconductingcontrolledexperimentswithcagedbivalvesunderfieldconditions.Thepurposeofthisapproachistofacilitatethesimultaneouscollectionoffielddatatohelpcharacterizechemicalexposureandassociatedbiologicaleffectsinthesameorganismunderenvironmentallyrealisticconditions.ThisapproachofcharacterizingexposureandeffectsisconsistentwiththeUSEPAecologicalriskassessmentparadigm.Bivalvesareusefultestorganismsforin-situfieldbioassaysbecausethey(1)concentrateandintegratechemicalsintheirtissuesandhaveamorelimitedabilitytometabolizemostchemicalsthanotherspecies,(2)exhibitmeasurablesublethaleffectsassociatedwithexposuretothosechemicals,(3)providepairedtissuechemistryandresponsedatawhichcanbeextrapolatedtootherspeciesandtrophiclevels,(4)providetissuechemistrydatawhichcanbeusedtoestimatechemicalexposurefromwaterorsediment,and(5)facilitatecontrolledexperimentationinthefieldwithlargesamplesizesbecausetheyareeasytocollect,cage,andmeasure(1,2).Theexperimentalcontrolaffordedbythisapproachcanbeusedtoplacealargenumberofanimalsofaknownsizedistributioninspecificareasofconcerntoquantifyexposureandeffectsoverspaceandtimewithinaclearlydefinedexposureperiod.Chemicalexposurecanbeestimatedbymeasuringtheconcentrationofchemicalsinwater,sediment,orbivalvetissues,andeffectscanbeestimatedwithsurvival,growth,andothersublethalendpoints(3).Althoughanumberofassessmentshavebeenconductedusingbivalvestocharacterizeexposurebymeasuringtissuechemistryorassociatedbiologicaleffects,relativelyfewassessmentshavebeenconductedtocharacterizebothexposureandbiologicaleffectssimultaneously(2,4,5).Thisguideisspecificallydesignedtohelpminimizethevariabilityintissuechemistryandresponsemeasurementsbyusingapracticaluniformsizerangeandcompartmentalizedcagesformultiplemeasurementsonthesameindividuals.1.2Thetestisreferredtoasafieldbioassaybecauseitisconductedinthefieldandbecauseitincludesanelementofrelativechemicalpotencytosatisfythebioassaydefinition.Relativepotencyisestablishedbycomparingtissueconcentrationswitheffectslevelsforvariouschemicalswithtoxicityandbioaccumulationendpoints(6,7,8,9,10)eventhoughtheremaybemoreuncertaintyassociatedwitheffectsmeasurementsinfieldstudies.Variouspathwaysofexposurecanbeevaluatedbecausefilter-feedinganddeposit-feedingaretheprimaryfeedingstrategiesforbivalves.Filter-feedingbivalvesmaybebestsuitedtoevaluatethebioavailabilityandassociatedeffectsofchemicalsinthewatercolumn(thatis,dissolvedandsuspendedparticulates);deposit-feedingbivalvesmaybebestsuitedtoevaluatechemicalsassociatedwithsediments(11,12).Itmaybedifficulttodemonstratepathwaysofexposureunderfieldconditions,particularlysincefilter-feedingbivalvescaningestsuspendedsedimentandfacultativedeposit-feedingbivalvescanswitchbetweenfilter-anddepositfeedingoverrelativelysmalltemporalscales.Filter-feedingbivalvescagedwithin1mofbottomsedimenthavealsobeenusedeffectivelyinsedimentassessmentsfromdepthsof10to650m(5,13,14).Cagedbivalvestudieshavealsobeenconductedintheintertidalzone(15).Thefieldtestingproceduresdescribedhereareusefulfortestingmostbivalvesalthoughmodificationsmaybenecessaryforaparticularspecies.1.3Thesefieldtestingprocedureswithcagedbivalvesareapplicabletotheenvironmentalevaluationofwaterandsedimentinmarine,estuarine,andfreshwaterenvironmentswithalmostanycombinationofchemicals,andmethodsarebeingdevelopedto......
【中国标准分类号】:Z16
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_70
【页数】:30P.;A4
【正文语种】: